What does HMGB1 bind to?
Extracellular HMGB1 receptors and signaling pathways. Once released from the cells, HMGB1 binds to cell-surface receptors, inducing a reaction as a prototypical DAMP. Classic HMGB1 receptors include RAGE, TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9), CXCR4, and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3) [40, 41].
What is sterile inflammation?
Key Points. Sterile inflammation occurs in the absence of microorganisms and is typically associated with the recognition of intracellular contents released from damaged and necrotic cells (also known as damage-associated molecular patterns) by inflammatory signalling receptors.
Is TNF alpha a tumor suppressor?
In tumors, the membrane form of TNF-alpha on tumor cells interacts mainly with TNF-R2 to activate clearance of pro-tumor suppressor cells via the production of reactive oxygen intermediates with signaling through ceramide [63].
What is high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)?
[…] High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone chromatin-associated protein that has been widely reported to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hematopoietic malignancies.
What are the high mobility group proteins?
High mobility group protein High-mobility group box 1 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 Mouse embryonic fibroblasts Mesenchymal stromal cells
Is high mobility group box 1 protein a late-acting mediator of inflammation?
Lutz, W. & Stetkiewicz, J. High mobility group box 1 protein as a late-acting mediator of acute lung inflammation. Int. J. Occup.
What causes cytoplasmic localization of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)?
Ito I, Fukazawa J, Yoshida M. Post-translational methylation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) causes its cytoplasmic localization in neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 2007;282 (22):16336–44.